Anarchy State and Utopia Chapter 7 Summary - 5678 Words

Distributive Justice Robert Nozick From Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 149-182, with omissions. Copyright @ 1974 by Basic Books, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Basic Books, a subsidiary of Perseus Books Group, LLC. The minimal state is the most extensive state that can be justified. Any state more extensive violates peoples rights. Yet many persons have put forth reasons purporting to justify a more extensive state. It is impossible within the compass of this book to examine all the reasons that have been put forth. Therefore, I shall focus upon those generally acknowledged to be most weighty and influential, to see precisely wherein they fail. In this chapter we consider the claim that a more extensive state is justified, because necessary†¦show more content†¦2. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding. 3. No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2. The complete principle of distributive justice would say simply that a distribution is just if everyone is entitled to the holdings they possess under the distribution. A distribution is just if it arises from another just distribution by legitimate means. The legitimate means of moving from one distribution to another are specified by the principle of justice in transfer. The legitimate first moves are specified by the principle of justice in acquisition. Whatever arises from a just situation by just steps is itself just. The means of change specified by the principle of justice in transfer preserve justice. As correct rules of inference are truth-preserving, and any conclusion deduced via repeated application of such rules from only true premisses is itself true, so the means of transition from one situation to another specified by the principle of justice in transfer are justice-preserving, and any situation actually arising from repeated transitions in a ccordance with the principle from a just situation is itself just. The parallel between justice-preserving transformations and truth-preserving transformations illuminates where it fails as wellShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pages(Anthropological) Metaphor The Political Metaphor The Psychic Prison Metaphor Flux and Transformation The Dominance Metaphor Using the Metaphors References and bibliography Workshop Aims Workshop Objectives Reading Lists Core Texts 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 10 10 13 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 28 28 30 30 Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page iii Supplementary Texts Extended Reading List Directed Readings Frameworks of Reality: Prediction Control, and the SOGIRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readableRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 PagesGame Theory and Economic Analysis Game Theory and Economic Analysis presents the wide range of current contributions of game theory to economics. The chapters fall broadly into two categories. Some lay out in a jargon-free manner a particular branch of the theory, the evolution of one of its concepts, or a problem that runs through its development. Others are original pieces of work that are signiï ¬ cant to game theory as a whole. After taking the reader through a concise history of game

Basic Concept of Organizational Behavior Essay - 2147 Words

Perhaps the single most important technique for motivating the people you supervise is to treat them the same way you wish to be treated: as responsible professionals. It sounds simple; just strike the right balance of respect, dignity, fairness, incentive, and guidance, and you will create a motivated, productive, satisfying, and secure work environment. Unfortunately, as soon as the complexities of our evolving workforce mix with human relationships, even the best-intentioned supervisors can find the management side of their jobs deteriorating into chaos. Theories As corporations strive to boost earnings in an increasingly competitive environment, they inevitably turn their attention to the issue of employee productivity and†¦show more content†¦For an individual, hygiene conditions include company policy and administration, supervision, relationships with peers and supervisors, work conditions, salary, status, and security. These, according to Herzberg account for 69% of the factors which cause employee dissatisfaction or lack of motivation. The motivation conditions, which include achievement, the job itself, recognition, responsibilities, and personal growth, accounted for 81% of the factors which contributed to job satisfaction. The hygiene conditions are extrinsic factors while the motivation conditions are intrinsic factors, and the only way to sustain motivation toward organizational goals is through the achievement of intrinsic outcomes. X, Y, Z Theories An additional theory on human behavior, motivation, and management was developed in the late 1950 ¡Ã‚ ¦s by McGregor. His theories X and Y and were based on assumptions made regarding the system and individuals. In short, in Theory X management organizes all elements of production, motivates and controls employee behavior to fit the needs of the organization, and without this intervention, employees would be indifferent to changing organizational needs. McGregor further assumes that managers believe that the average employee is by nature indolent and lazy, lacks ambition, is self-centered, and resistant to change6. McGregor ¡Ã‚ ¦s alternative to Theory X was Theory Y. This theoryShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture Within A Hospital Setting1693 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding Organizational Culture as it relates to corporate business. Peters and Waterman (1982) book, In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best Run Companies, became the blueprint for organizatio nal success. 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A Critique “My Boys Like Shootouts, What’s Wrong With That” Free Essays

â€Å"My Boys Like Shootouts. What’s Wrong With That?† by Jonathan Turley (The Washington Post, 25 February 2007) discusses how parents are becoming increasingly against the play of toy-guns, and how such gun-paranoia will inhibit children’s development. Turley, a professor at George Washington University, speaks against those negative attitudes and hopes to educate parents and fellow activists with regards to how toy weaponry contributes to children’s development and emotional progress. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critique: â€Å"My Boys Like Shootouts, What’s Wrong With That?† or any similar topic only for you Order Now In general, Turley portrays the image of a concerned father seemingly disgruntled at attitudes encountered from his personal experiences. The tone adopted is casual and the author’s use of examples serve to reinforce his ideas and arguments. Turley claims that the allowance of gun play is not an idea which should be condemned and its impact exaggerated. He supports this claim by citing references concerning this topic giving toy guns credit for â€Å"channeling of aggression† (2007, Para 7) and amplifies the requisite to â€Å"distinguish between the two† with reference to â€Å"play† and â€Å"violence† (2007, Para 8). While Turley’s sentiments do reflect some truth, this truth is belittled by the one-dimensionality of his discussion and lack of consideration of other concerns such as â€Å"encouraging aggressive behavior and violent attitudes† and â€Å"reinforcing gender stereotypes† (2007, Para 4). Part Two: Turley’s arguments are logical but are discredited by their one-dimensionality as he does not accord sufficient discussion to other pertinent issues identified. There seems to be a lack of impartiality in the discussion as Turley is inclined to his own ideas. For instance, Turley used an example from his personal experience relating to his efforts to â€Å"avoid any gender stereotypes† (2007, Para 5) which did not strengthen his argument as he did not give depth to the point raised. Furthermore, the informal tone Turley used undermined the seriousness of the issue, and the example used was lacking as its scope cannot be reflective of an entire societal issue. Hence, Turley’s ideas, though valid, are weakened as he fails to present a just, two-sided argument. The examples cited in the article succeed in substantiating Turley’s arguments as they are quoted from several published sources with experience and the necessary expertise. These examples exemplify important ideas such as the use of toy weaponry as a form of catharsis for children â€Å"to make meaning of what they have experienced in life† (2007, Para 9) and â€Å"to be able to discharge their anger through symbolic play† (2007, Para 10). They also demonstrate the existing need for a certain degree of change in mindset with regards to allowing gun play. In that sense, Turley has succeeded in delivering his message pertaining to the necessity of such play in children’s development. However, the impact may be contracted by his use of a casual tone in a matter of significance to his target audience. Turley clearly describes the importance of gun play in children’s development and explains that such play is acceptable as long as â€Å"strict guidelines† (2007, Para 5) are imposed. He is considered to have achieved his intention as he cites useful and credible examples in substantiating his ideas. However, the casual tone adopted undermines the seriousness of the issue as despite it being a topic about play, it is one which parents and relevant groups view with significance. The lack of a balanced argument also weakens the ideas presented. Therefore, for an issue of societal scale, the scope covered by Turley may be too narrow. How to cite A Critique: â€Å"My Boys Like Shootouts, What’s Wrong With That?†, Papers

Violent Video Games Increase Aggression free essay sample

Opponents argue that there are no substantial connections between VVGs and aggression. For example, In 2007, Ferguson, an associate professor of psychology at Texas Aamp;M International University and the author of  Suicide Kings, after doing a meta-analysis study which contain all the articles concerning violent video games and aggression behavior from 1995 to 2007, denies that there is a link between VVGs and violent behavior. For another example, the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals declares â€Å"The state has not produced substantial evidence that †¦ violent video games cause psychological or neurological harm to minors (qtd. in Gallagher). In short, many people do not think VVGs cause harm to minds. These declarations, however, are not valid. First, although Ferguson found that VVGs do not cause aggression behavior in his 2007 study, he only used resources that concerning the connection between VVGs and behavior (Ferguson â€Å"The Good, the Bad †¦Ã¢â‚¬  311-12). Thus, it is not comprehensive enough. Besides, Anderson, an Iowa State University psychology professor and chairperson of the Department of Science and Technology of the university, refutes that if people examine many researches and find out what is the most common feature of all those studies, they would know the truth. That is â€Å"exposure to violent video games increase subsequent aggression†. It becomes even more obvious when people look at those high quality study results (Anderson â€Å"Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence (Part I)† 30). Thus, by reviewing all the studies regarding this topic, people would find there is a connection between VVGs and violence. What is more, a new study shows the opposite too. Marko et al, an assistant professor at Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, finds similar results. They did a longitudinal study which published in 2011 and was three weeks long. This study is newer than Furguson’s one. In the study, they used 135 participates, and assigned them to two groups; one group played a VVG called Grand Theft Auto, and the researchers prohibited participates in the other group playing any video games (Marko et al. ) The result reveals â€Å"playing violent video games leads to an increase in aggressive attitudes† (Marko et al. 597). This study shows that VVGs harm the mind. Further, Anderson et al. have done a study in Japan and U. S, which consists of 1231 children in Japan. They published this study in 2008. They measured those kids’ aggression at the beginning of the study, and then they measured the aggression level after about half a year. In this study, Anderson et al. suggests â€Å"violent video games are a significant risk factor for later physically aggressive behavior† (Anderson et al). So, VVG do increase violent behavior. Then, Anderson, Gentile and Buckley have done a study with 161 kids and 354 adults. , They published it before 2007. They divided participates to two groups. One group played non-violent video games and the other played violent video games. Immediately after participates playing, they measured participates’ aggression by a test. The test was also a video game, and it was a competitive one which the winners would punish the loser with a noise. The winner set the noise level. The result tells researchers that participants who played the violent video games punished their opponents with significantly more high-noise blasts than those who played the nonviolent video games (Anderson, Gentile and Buckley 66). Thus, VVGs make people less nice towards others. Also, Anderson, Gentile and Buckley have done a similar research study. They published this study before 2007, too. For 189 children in high school, researchers inquired their habits about how often they played violent video games and how they felt about violent video games. The result shows that those children played more VVG â€Å"hold more pro-violent attitudes, have more hostile personalities, are less forgiving, believe violence to be more typical, and behave more aggressively in their everyday lives† (Anderson, Gentile and Buckley 83). In other words, VVGs do make children nastier. Additionally, Anderson, Gentile and Buckley did another research study before 2007 of 430 elementary school kids. To measure kids’ aggression, they surveyed kids themselves, teachers and classmates. Researchers asked kids’ how often they played VVGs and what were their attitudes towards violence; to teachers, they asked teachers to give them the children’s information about those children’s compassion towards others; and to classmates, researchers asked what kids they thought exhibited good moral character. They asked them twice in a year’s time. The result shows that â€Å"children who played more violent video games early in the school year changed to see the world in a more aggressive way and also changed to become more verbally and physically aggressive later in the school year (Anderson, Gentile and Buckley 102). Thus, VVGs make many adolescents perceive the world in a more negative way. Ferguson is partially correct that many experiments regarding VVGs are too short, and the results that show VVGs cause aggression and violence are not valid because that the players didn’t have the time learn enough skills to play the game well, thus subsequently feel frustrated. Nevertheless, longitudinal studies show the opposite. Anderson asserts that from the results of many longitudinal studies (studies that need a longer period of time to do perhaps months or years) that done in Asia or America or Europe, the outcome was consistent; those participates, who were kids, all became aggressive at the end of the study (Anderson Violent Video Games And Other Media Violence, Part II† 21-22). As these larger scale studies show the same thing – VVGs spur aggression – the results are valid. Ferguson in his article â€Å"Video Games Don’t Make Kids Violent† claims that many researches concerning VVG are not valid because what researchers of those studies measure has nothing to do with real life situation. However, Anderson, Gentile and Buckley et al. disputes those experiments are valid because people would respond the same way both in the experiments and real life. They argue that the authenticity of those researches as â€Å"The validity of laboratory research paradigms in psychology has passed so many logical and empirical tests that they can be generally accepted as having both high internal and external validity† (Anderson, Gentile and Buckley 23). That is to say, what happens in the lab will predict what happens outside the lab. Some people believe that there is a theory of venting, which means that as aggression accumulates in the body, VVGs can help relieve some of those pressures. However, The 14th Dalai Lama, a renowned teacher of Tibetan Buddhism and Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1989, suggests the venting of anger as â€Å"if you †¦ just keep expressing them, this usually results in their growth, not their reduction† (Bstan-? dzin-rgya-mtsho). Likewise, Anderson suggests the contrary happens too. Researches from the past 30 years show that exposure to violence only makes those people involved more aggressive (Anderson The Impact of Interactive Violence on Children). In essence, â€Å"venting† will not decrease aggression, but do the opposite. Proponents claim that only some kids who have problems with their minds such as tend to be angry are prone to the negative effects of VVGs, the Harvard Mental Health Letter article â€Å"Violent Video Games and Young People† mentions. Yet, Anderson responds that â€Å"Scientists have not been able to find any group of people who consistently appear immune to the negative effects of †¦ video game violent (Anderson Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence (Part I) 29). In other words, not one can escape the negative influence of VVGs. It would seem that VVGs only affect kids. Still, as Anderson, Gentile and Kather observe that it is not true. From the previous example which 161 kids and 354 adults participated, they find that VVGs not only affect kids, but those games also affect adults, who are in the universities (Anderson, Gentile and Buckley 67). Hence, VVGs affect nearly everyone. Granted, there are many other factors contributing to violence, just like not only smoking contribute to lung cancer, but there are many other factors. But Anderson contends that in today’s society â€Å"media violence† such as violent video games is the most prevalent factor that lead to violence (Anderson Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence (Part I) 29). That is to say, although VVGs are not the only cause of violence, it is the main cause. To be sure, the crime rate has declined steadily while more and more are buying more and more VVGs, Gerdes, the author of Guns and Crime, suggests (Gerdes). Nevertheless, the VVGs exert subtle negative influence on game players that may only become obvious after some time. Anderson explains why violent video games can do this to children: children who spend long hours playing violent video games would expect the real world resembling a game because they immerse themselves in the game. In the game, many people tend to kill the player; so kids who play those games would subconsciously expect the same in the real world because of the learning process. What is more, they see the world differently; if something is not going well, they would think people are against him. This gradual process of harming slowly changes childrens personality (Anderson â€Å"Impact of Media†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). That is to say, while statistic shows the situation is getting better, VVGs are harming people in an esoteric way. As it were, VVGs is not as adorable as many think, those games slowly some individuals’ mentality.

Immigration to the United States free essay sample

The effects that immigration has on the United States are limitless. There have been endless debates over these effects since as early as the colonial times. The economic, fiscal and demographic effects are three major topics that tend to rule these debates. Regardless on someone’s political view of immigration, everyone should realize how it has and is shaping the United States today. Based on both positive and negative essays on immigration by Roberto Rodriguez and Star Parker, one can conclude that immigration is good, but should be limited. The economic, fiscal and demographic effects are three major topics that tend to rule the debates on immigration and its laws. Rodriguez points out in his essay â€Å"The border on our backs† that Mexicans and Central Americans are targeted by shameless politicians. These politicians target groups based on statistics that show crime rates, productivity and gain. Parker states in her essay â€Å"Se habla entitlement† that latino immigrants are responsible for most of the gang activity, but fails to say whether it is positive or negative activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration to the United States or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most prominent advocate of the â€Å"more immigrants, less crime† theory is Robert J. Sampson, chairman of the sociology department at Harvard. A year ago, Sampson was an author of an article in The American Journal of Public Health that Combs, Page 2 reported the findings of a detailed study of crime in Chicago. Based on information gathered on the perpetrators of more than 3,000 violent acts committed between 1995 and 2002, supplemented by police records and community surveys, it found that the rate of violence among Mexican-Americans was significantly lower than among both non-Hispanic whites and blacks. Based on studies like the one Sampson conducted, immigrants, both legal and illegal do not raise the rate of crime in the United States and native born Americans are five times more likely to be incarcerated than immigrants. In a study released by the non-partisan research group The Public Policy Institute of California immigrants (legal and illegal) were ten times less likely to be incarcerated than native born Americans. Based on these views immigration is actually keeping the Unites States crime rates lower. According to the Rodriguez Mexican-Americans face the dilemma of racism, every person with half of a brain knows that racial tensions are high in the United States, and this is not limited to Mexican-American or Mexican immigrants. Racism applies to all people, it does not matter what race you are; you could be white, black, brown, or yellow and some person would have problems with your race or have some sort of unspoken prejudice against you. Rodriguez states on paragraph 11 of his essay that â€Å"Through all this, we’ve been baited into fighting with African Americans, American Indians, Asians, Mexican Americans, and poor and white middle class workers – because Mexicans supposedly steal their jobs and are ruining the quality of life. † Many Combs Page 3 Mexicans are working at places for a substandard rate, especially the immigrants who are illegal. With the illegal immigrant the employer does not have to pay them employees the same as everyone else because the labor laws do not apply to them, they are illegal workers. Not only do we have this problem in bordering states to other countries, but in labor work all over the country. The problem lies with both American people and immigrants, legal or illegal. When discussing the job market many of us Americans will not do the job because it is too hard of work, or the pay is not that great, but the immigrants are more than happy to do the work because they need the money. According to Rodriguez Mexican-Americans also suffer from some sort of environmental justice issues. Mexican-American constitute a large group of people that are impoverished and poorly educated, which in turn leads to living in areas that are less than more affluent Americans. Mexican-Americans have definitely been affected by affirmative action, but so has every other race in the United States. Affirmative action is good in theory, but the law in itself is a form of prejudice against better qualifies applicants at jobs and at colleges. Mexican-American and other minorities were also affected by banking practices and even just going to the supermarket. Some banks will loan money to lower income Caucasians, but not to the same type of income to a Hispanic family. Rodriguez writes about the draconian immigrations bills and the wall that the government wants to build, but not the cost. While were spending millions of dollars trying to keep illegal immigrants out of our country by putting up state of the art fences Combs, Page 4 hat don’t work and increasing â€Å"border security† that doesn’t seem to make a difference. Probably thousands of people are being murdered, raped and forced into prostitution and slavery in their attempt at getting into the United States. Since 1993, the amount of money spent each year by the federal government for border enforcement has more than quintupled according to the U. S customs and border patrol fiscal report of 2010 from $740 million to $3. 8 billion most of which is being spent on the Mexican border. Think of what our country could do for immigrants with $3. billion dollars. If we took all the money that we are wasting on increasing our Mexican border patrol and instead turned that helping people who have immigrated get a good education think of the difference that it could make. Many people argue that the newly Mexican emigrated people to this country are taking up jobs that could be taken by Americans in our shrinking job economy but the reality is that our economy continues to create opportunities for low-skilled workers while the pool of Americans willing to fill these jobs continues to shrink. Americans are becoming increasingly more focused on secondary education and depend less of the low-skilled jobs that our parents and grandparents were forced into taking decades ago. If it sounds to you like were forcing Mexican emigrated people to take the low-skilled jobs that we don’t want then you are thinking correctly. Similar to what was mentioned earlier in this paper our government is ignoring the call to providing education for Mexican immigrants and instead is gladly allowing them to take the unwanted jobs in this country. Combs, Page 5 We aren’t the only country that is has a large political debate when referring to immigration. In fact the very country that we’re trying to stop people from immigrating from has almost just as many illegal immigrants in its country, Mexico. According to the Mexico’s equivalent to the U. S Census Bureau, in the first six months of 2005 alone more than 120,000 people from Central America have been deported to their countries of origin. This is a significantly higher rate than in 2002, when for the entire year, only 130,000 people were deported. Sound familiar? It’s even been estimated that there are so many illegal immigrants in Russia that the Chinese may become the dominant ethnic group in Russia within the next twenty years. Russia, Mexico and the United States of America all share the same common underlying theme with illegal immigration; they are all spending too much government funded money on trying to keep out all these people instead of helping them get a proper education once they get to their country. Regardless if one agrees with Roberto Rodriguez ancestral rights or with Star Parker false sense of entitlements, it is obvious in today’s politics that immigration, legal or illegal, has proven to be a very significant topic in this year’s election. Whether it is within our own country or somewhere halfway around the world everyone is ignoring what should be done with the millions of illegal immigrants that, instead of improving their lives, have become a part of a horrible system that is solely focused on sending them back to the country that they came from. Regardless of your political views it’s important to realize that the very country that you live in was founded upon immigrants who came from countries all over the world in search of a better life. The United States of America always has and will hopefully continue to be the â€Å"land of opportunity† to Combs, Page 6 those who seek a better change in their life and it is my hope that we will support those who choose to find that opportunity in our country. One can see that limited immigration is good based on the good and bad results immigration has on the economical, fiscal, and demographic positions of the United States. The positive and negative effects that immigration in general and workers have on the economy cancel each other out. Many factors influence the United States fiscal situation, including age, causing the federal fiscal level to generally be positive, while the state level is normally negative. The fact that so many factors influence the fiscal situation proves that one can never determine whether immigration has a good r bad effect on the United States. The increase in population caused by immigration is also causing both good and bad problems in the United States, causing some people to feel threatened, while others feel a sense of togetherness. Without immigration the United States would not be what it is today. Almost everything in life has both good and bad qualities, but with a little regulation and control they can turn out to be positive. Immigration is one of those instances in life where with a little regulation immigration can be a great push towards a better future. Immigration to the United States free essay sample Therefore some judge that immigration is a threat to the U. S. They should not consider that because everything that occurs is not due to immigrants. The government can stop illegal immigration right now but would it not affect the U. S. more to do so? Restrictionists claim that large-scale immigration-legal and illegal-has depressed wages, burdened government resources, and acted as a net drain on the economy. Thus, if immigration was eliminated, the U. S. would have fewer workers. With a reduction of workers, money would be less therefore, causing the economy to plunge. People come to the U. S. to work and make a living, why would the government want to stop that? â€Å"If Americans would simply cut their own grass, clean their own houses, and care for their own children, there would be no need for immigrant labors†. But even if this were true, the overall economy would hardly benefit from having fewer workers. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration to the United States or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Without immigrants, the economy would not flow smoothly because the workers make the jobs and economy better. Third world immigration is not a threat to America’s way of life because immigrants work, immigrants participate. Immigrants that come into the U. S. are not coming to harm anyone; they come to work and make a living. Hispanics and other races usually want to find a job and the U. S. has good quality jobs. Despite the presence in our workforce of millions of illegal immigrants, the U. S. is currently creating slightly more than two million jobs a year and boasts an unemployment rate of 4. 7 percent, which is lower than average in each of the past four decades. Therefore, the U. S. onsisted of several illegal immigrants that worked. That shows that they’ve done no harm. Just worked and made a living a majority of the time. They are good workers and as the U. S. generate more than two million jobs each year, the population of immigrant’s increases. It increases because the jobs increase thus, more immigrants come to the U. S. and work. The more people work, the mor e new jobs are prepared and the better the economy gets. â€Å"Just as important, they possess a strong desire to work†. If all immigrants were not allowed to cross the border, who would help enhance the work force? Researchers show that immigrants have a high rate for working which shows how much help they are. Immigrants also participate more than the average Americans. They are mostly positive about what they do that is why there is a positive effect in their participation. Moreover, the participation of immigrants in the labor force has had obvious positive effects. Immigrants produced goods that went to household spending in the U. S. Most services were also produced by immigrants ranking them as high participants. Immigrants make sacrifices and tough choices to participate in the U.S. Fewer immigrants means a smaller amount of work experiences. It also means fewer ideas for more jobs. Last, Illegal immigration already responds reasonably well to market forces. Immigrants should be allowed to come to the U. S. but not anybody can cross the border just like that. We still need an orderly process, one that includes background checks to insure that terrorists and criminals are not being admitt ed. This proves that not all immigrants should be blocked out of the U. S. some are superior people and complete everything well. With a growing economy and more jobs than our own population can readily absorb, the U. S. will continue to need immigrants. There are too many jobs for Americans only to work. Americans need help with all those jobs and immigrants come to make a living help out. If immigrants are kept out of the U. S. , then everything that has been kept precise for all these years will begin to disintegrate. The fear that has not left the hearts of the American people since September 11th of 2001 is now getting turned onto the immigrants and whether allowing them into the U. S. is a threat. The question â€Å"Is third world immigration a threat to America’s way of life? † is an important question because the answer is no. Although, some immigrants can be dangerous, that is not problematic to the U. S. because they should not be allowed in. Other immigrants come to the U. S. to work and make the economy better. People should begin to appreciate immigrants because without them, the economy would be ruined. Thanks to immigrants, new jobs are made and the economy is in an acceptable condition. Immigrants are proud to work in America and are proud to become Americans.

This book is about a girl that plays diffrent charactors

This book is about a girl that plays diffrent charactors This book is about a girl that plays diffrent charactors in my play. She also perfoms in an Opera. First , she played as an Owl. Next, she took the rule of an Egiptian slave.In the continuation of this story her mother could have been a star of stars making gorgeous music with the world fighting for tickets. She married her Dad and took time off from her career to have the boys.It was a dry autumn,golden with mist and dust.The leaves on the tree in the square looked tired with summer, but hung on. Her sun tan stayed too, without peeling or going dirty. Trog changed jobs and went to live in Norwich,which Mum minded more than she wanted us to see. Marco occasionally appeard from cambrige looking incredibly spruce because he was seeing tv people about getting his Andes film show.After a while the opera seemed to bring the winter nearer.Trog

Unit7 dsc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit7 dsc - Essay Example It is to be remembered that for paraphrased material, there is no need to include page or paragraph numbers. Among the best ways of integrating sources into one’s writing is by using signal phrase. Signal phrases are mainly used to mark the borders between the writer’s words and the source material. The use of signal phrases should not leave the readers guessing why a quotation has been used in the paper. After a signal phrase has been used, it is also important to follow it up with exploiting discussions or interpretive remarks so as to provide the link with the papers argument. A good example of how to integrate sources into writing is given here. â€Å"Its a good idea to embed a quotation--especially a long one--between sentences of your own.† (Diana 2005). The other way is Diana (2005) stated that â€Å"Its a good idea to embed a quotation--especially a long one--between sentences of your own† (p. 98). Whenever there is a quotation of less than 40 words, it is necessary to enclose the text in double quotation marks. Additionally, â€Å"quotations containing more than 40 words are indented in a block format without quotation marks† (APA, 2010, p.

Impacts of internet on Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impacts of internet on Culture - Essay Example This is affirmed by Stroud (1998, p.1) who claims that the internet has revolutionized communication bridging the gap in global network and transforming the whole world into a tiny global village where information and ideas can be shared or transmitted simply by a click. This paper will focus on the potential impacts of internet on cultures and more specifically, on how internet has affected cultural identities since its inception up to date. Both the merits and demerits of the internet as a revolutionary phenomenon in the 21st century will be addressed in an evaluative fashion in order to give a clear explanation as to why the internet has affected cultures. The internet dates back in history many years ago at about 1969 when the World Wide Web was discovered (originally, the internet was developed from ARPNET); however, according Shield (2009, pp.5-6) the World Wide Web finally took shape in the 1990s and Internet Explorer was first released in the year 1995. The internet has becom e the norm of interactions and communications in today’s world; virtually everything can be done via the internet today, playing a key role in making the virtual world a reality. For instance, many people use the internet to check their emails, for social networking, doing online shopping among other things. The pervasive popularity of the internet in the global village has had profound impacts on cultures all over the world, both positive and negative. Nevertheless, the most obvious manner in which the internet has affected cultures is by revolutionizing communication; the internet provides a robust platform for information sharing and transfer that has totally enhanced connectivity and interaction between cultures of the world. Today, different cultures around the world can share and exchange ideas and information over the internet without the need of having to travel; thus, as stated by Voiskounsky (1998, p.100) connectivity and interactions, different cultures are integra ted as individuals borrow ideas from other cultures. Moreover, the internet is also a wealthy source of information about different cultures of the world and this information is easily accessible to internet users all over the world. For instance, the pervasive Hollywood lifestyles of the west have a global presence on the internet and remote cultures are always willing and ready to copy aspects of these cultures such as fashion and other trends. Moreover, the internet has also affected cultures by revolutionizing the manner in which business is conducted in the 21st century; nowadays, it is hardly possible to keep up with the mushrooming online activities. Online trading has suddenly become the norm in the business world and many cultures have already embraced the idea of online shopping and in this case the traditional retail store shopping is slowly being discarded in favor of the alluring convenience and efficacy of online shopping. The online shopping experience is usually cust omized to suit consumer specifications and cultural contexts around the world, besides that, it allows consumers to shop at their own convenience and to enjoy the best products and prices ever. As a result, many cultures are quickly adopting online trading platforms over the internet; since as stated by Yilmaz (2012, 226) the internet offers a platform for global shopping and product marketing. In addition, the internet has also transformed the entertainment culture all over the world; unlike in the past when TV and radio were predominantly the sources of entertainment in households, Emigh (2010) states that the internet

Adam Smith's View on the Declarations of Woman,Man, & Independence Essay

Adam Smith's View on the Declarations of Woman,Man, & Independence - Essay Example The exact person or people for influence that Jefferson used in Europe have been debated since the original drafting. The Declaration of the Rights of Man authored by Jerome Champion de Cice was brought about during the French Revolution and was not just about â€Å"man’s† rights but about rights of all those living in France during the time with the exception of many rights for women. The French were not content with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and created the Declaration of the Rights of Woman. This declaration written by Olympe de Gouges was specifically about French women’s rights in contrast to Cice’s Declaration to men’s rights. Adam Smith was a highly intellectual individual who attended the University of Glasgow early in life. Following graduation, Smith attended the Oxford University which played heavily in his future writings (Hanson 298). Although educated in many subjects, it was economics and specifically western European economics that Smith lectured on. Soon however, Smith began to tour Europe with a student at which time Smith met many influential leaders of the time (Hanson 298). Following the end of his tutoring, Smith returned to his birth place to begin writing. Smith leaned heavily on enlightenment philosophy in his writings and his own personal beliefs on the world. Smith wrote about the morality of the time as well as what he believed to be an important aspect of wealth, the division of labor. Historically, his work has survived both in morality philosophy as well as economic studies. Across the ocean, Thomas Jefferson was born into a different socio-economic class and personally owned slaves when he turned 21. Jefferson, unlike Smith, attended college young in life. Unlike Smith, however, Jefferson became enthralled with law studies and soon became a practicing lawyer. Due to his privileged status, Jefferson was asked to

A Review On Psychology Theology And Spirituality Theology Religion Essay

A Review On Psychology Theology And Spirituality Theology Religion Essay Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling written by Mark R. McMinn teaches Christian counselors the importance of Spirituality in the counseling office. Throughout the book McMinn provides deep insight on the integration of the three concepts; the author provides concrete cases that allow the reader to grasp the information by applying the scenarios to the text. To better equip Christian Counselors he uses cognitive therapy from a Christian perspective as foundation for his work. He stresses the importance of building an effective therapeutic relationship between the counselor and the client in order for therapy to be successful. McMinn uses a variety of religious interventions to establish psychological and spiritual health. Throughout the chapters he elaborates on the use of prayer, scripture, sin, confession, forgiveness, and redemption in the counseling practice. McMinn discusses the positive effects as well as negative side effects of the use of prayer. He states that the counselors level of spiritual maturity will provide an upper limit for the potential impact of prayer in counseling (McMinn, 1996, p.87). McMinn highlights the power of Scripture and outlines the specific effects it may have on the client. McMinn summarizes the chapter by noting Our knowledge of God, self and Scripture are all interrelated, but our capacity to understand any one of these elements will add to our ability to understand the others (McMinn, 1996, p.124). McMinns study of the nature of sin and its role in the counseling practice is also very thorough. As he notes, generally psychologists have been uninterested in sin, preferring to ignore it or to discuss the effects of the concept of sin (McMinn, 1996, p. 161). Such an attitude has negative consequences, as in most cases sin can be a reason of depression, feeling of guilt and other negative feelings. He proposes the Christian counselor to understand sin from a theological and spiritual perspective. As he states, such a change can add necessary depth to the work of a counselor and encourage his clients to grow spiritually. Describing the historical references of confession as a sacrament of penance, McMinn underlines the necessity to understand its role and importance in the work of a Christian Therapist. Confession requires humility, which requires us to look at ourselves honestly and recognize both our strengths and weaknesses. Confession closely deals with forgiveness, which is a very popular topic among counselors. The author attracts readers attention to the fact that Christian understanding of forgiveness may differ from the ways that non-Christian counselors understand forgiveness. Christian forgiveness is not a simple emotional relief; however, McMinn stated that our capacity to forgive one another depends on our capacity to understand both our need for forgiveness and Gods gracious gift of forgiveness (McMinn, 1996, p.235). McMinns final chapter on redemption sums up the pr evious topics prayer, scripture, sin, confession, and forgiveness. Redemption is a process of being freed from sin and being restored back unto God. As McMinn finalizes the book with this chapter he sums up redemption by saying the wonder of redemption is that we are brought back into a relationship with God (McMinn, 1996, p.265). Finally once we experience redemption, our old ways of thinking are brought as one with God. After reading this story I am reminded of a demonstration given by my former pastor. Leading up to this demonstration my uncle Jesse had been beaten unrecognizably by gang members in Charlotte, NC. My uncle, raised in the church, had a calling on his life from a very young age and refused to accept his calling. He had been running for years and through those years he was often referred to Jonah, but one night changed all of that for my uncle. I can still remember visiting him in the ICU at Carolina Hospital in Charlotte and afraid to look at the hideous swellings upon his face. His eyes were swollen to the size of golf balls and stitches had been applied to various parts of his face it was a horrible sight to see. After his release he was given shelter by my pastor and started attending the church. The demonstration given by my pastor showed the church what sin can do to a person. I remember hearing my pastor pray and my uncle confessing all his sins while standing at the altar. The pastor preached a heavy sermon that taught me how important the confessions of sins were in seeking forgiveness from God. I have learned that God is a God of second chances and he will grant us forgiveness if and when we are ready to confess with our mouths. The moral of the story my pastor pointed out was that God was a redeemer and therefore gave second chances to his sons and daughters. Reflection McMinn did an excellent job covering the aspects of integrating psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling. While the book offers insightful ways to look at different situations that may happen in the Christian counseling office there is one thing that bothered me most. If most types of prayer has not been researched how is the counselor supposed to define clear and ethical guidelines for the use of prayer in counseling? I believe that prayer forms an intimate relationship between God and the individual; therefore prayer should not be used in the therapy sessions especially if further research is needed. Prayer I do believe is an effective tool that can be used in therapy but should be used outside the counseling sessions gradually as the client feels comfort and the need for seeking Gods presence on his or her own. This is a good book and should be read by all Christian counselors. It is essential in helping to expand their knowledge on the basis of integrating p sychology, theology, and spirituality. The case studies are helpful in learning both positive and negative ways to approach similar situations met in the counseling sessions. McMinn did a great job elaborating on the different themes prayer, scripture, sin, confession, forgiveness, and redemption. The uses of the themes were successful in teaching the confused counselor how to integrate their spirituality into the therapy session. Overall the book is a positive guide for new and old counselors to use as basis of understanding how each of the themes can have a powerful impact on a clients progress. Actions This was an outstanding book and it taught me valuable instructions on multitasking as a counselor. McMinn stated that the most effective Christian counselors are able to process several ideas simultaneously (McMinn, 1996, p. 269). It is important for a counselor to be able to successfully integrate psychology, theology and spirituality in the counseling sessions to effectively treat the problems of their clients. I personally will take what I learned and continue to read and enhance my understanding of the different concepts so that I may learn to use them wisely. Reading this book enlightened me with so much information that I can easily share with a friend to enhance their knowledge of Christian counselors. I would first make it known to them that as a Christian counselor we are set apart from other psychologists in that we put God at the forefront of our lives and therapy sessions. Being a Christian psychologist comes with many challenges and we have to constantly refine our rela tionship with God and acknowledge him as the All knowing God because thats who we ultimately seek direction from. Learning how to integrate the use of prayer and scripture with Christian clients we have to recognize the negative side effects that can come of prayer or scriptural interventions. I will continue to keep God first in my life allowing him to speak to me, lead me, and guide me as an instrument to help others. I can only better myself after reading this book and take what I learned to become the multitasking counselor.

Katharina and Petruchio from The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakesp

Katharina and Petruchio from The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare My two favourite characters from the play, The Taming of the Shrew, which was written by William Shakespeare, are Katharina and Petruchio. I find them extremely interesting, not just because they are the main characters, but because of their contrast, chemistry and similarity between them. They go from hating each other at the beginning of the book and by the end, Katharina is obedient, the taming is complete and they are married living happily together. Petruchio has one of the main parts to play in the book as 'the tamer' while Katahrina is alongside him as 'the shrew', which in turn makes up the title of the story. Katharina is very argumentative, disagreeable and violent with all her suitors and indeed Bianca, for example the stage directions say that, "Katharina with a whip stands over Bianca, who crouches by the wall, her hands tied behind her." (Act 2, Scene 1, Stage Directions) This shows that she is extremely violent and willing to beat a confession out of anyone. Because Katharina is this way, no man wishes to marry her, although many of tried. But Petruchio comes along and he finds a challenge and, of course, a fair amount of money to profit from the venture. He is interested in the money from the dowry in particular because he enquires, "Then tell me - if I got your daughter's love, what dowry shall I have with her to wife?" (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 119 - 120) This shows he is probably more interested in the dowry than in Katharina. Now we know that Petruchio is greedy as well as rich! A good scene to show as an example of both Petruchio and Katharina in conversation is Act 2, Scene 1. While Petruchio is in... ... none shall eat; Last night she slept not, nor tonight she shall not." (Act 4, Scene 1, Lines 182 - 183) This shows us that Petruchio is starving Katharina of her food and also depriving her of sleep. Hopefully this will turn her into a good person! Petruchio mentions one last thing near to the end of his second soliloquy, which tells us exactly why he is doing this: "This is a way to kill a wife with kindness." (Act 4, Scene 1, Line 193) In conclusion I think the two make an entertaining pair, which make the story thoroughly enjoyable for many people. The 'tamer' and 'the shrew' are amazingly similar in different ways and in the end Petruchio and Katharina bonded. Katharina becomes extremely well behaved and obedient even more so than Bianca, the total opposite to what she used to be. The taming of the shrew is complete and thus, the story ends. Katharina and Petruchio from The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakesp Katharina and Petruchio from The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare My two favourite characters from the play, The Taming of the Shrew, which was written by William Shakespeare, are Katharina and Petruchio. I find them extremely interesting, not just because they are the main characters, but because of their contrast, chemistry and similarity between them. They go from hating each other at the beginning of the book and by the end, Katharina is obedient, the taming is complete and they are married living happily together. Petruchio has one of the main parts to play in the book as 'the tamer' while Katahrina is alongside him as 'the shrew', which in turn makes up the title of the story. Katharina is very argumentative, disagreeable and violent with all her suitors and indeed Bianca, for example the stage directions say that, "Katharina with a whip stands over Bianca, who crouches by the wall, her hands tied behind her." (Act 2, Scene 1, Stage Directions) This shows that she is extremely violent and willing to beat a confession out of anyone. Because Katharina is this way, no man wishes to marry her, although many of tried. But Petruchio comes along and he finds a challenge and, of course, a fair amount of money to profit from the venture. He is interested in the money from the dowry in particular because he enquires, "Then tell me - if I got your daughter's love, what dowry shall I have with her to wife?" (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 119 - 120) This shows he is probably more interested in the dowry than in Katharina. Now we know that Petruchio is greedy as well as rich! A good scene to show as an example of both Petruchio and Katharina in conversation is Act 2, Scene 1. While Petruchio is in... ... none shall eat; Last night she slept not, nor tonight she shall not." (Act 4, Scene 1, Lines 182 - 183) This shows us that Petruchio is starving Katharina of her food and also depriving her of sleep. Hopefully this will turn her into a good person! Petruchio mentions one last thing near to the end of his second soliloquy, which tells us exactly why he is doing this: "This is a way to kill a wife with kindness." (Act 4, Scene 1, Line 193) In conclusion I think the two make an entertaining pair, which make the story thoroughly enjoyable for many people. The 'tamer' and 'the shrew' are amazingly similar in different ways and in the end Petruchio and Katharina bonded. Katharina becomes extremely well behaved and obedient even more so than Bianca, the total opposite to what she used to be. The taming of the shrew is complete and thus, the story ends.

Behavioral Genetics and Human Personality

People do possess certain behaviors that make us unique from one another. People do vary in their behavior or the way we think, feel and act. The complexity of human behavior and understanding its nature has been the main interests of those studying behavioral genetics. We all know that if we inherit our physical attributes with our parents we also inherit their behavior which we call genotypes.We are also aware of the role of the society, culture or the environment in shaping one’s behavior. Which of the two then exerts the greatest influence in our life? In order to identify which really molds human behavior a family studies, adoption studies and twin studies where conducted. In these three settings the siblings are compared with their shared and non-shared experiences. The environment provides the child with care, education and other experiences.People differ in many ways in terms of intelligence, mental states, social ability, self-concept or self-esteem, attitudes, belief s and preferences. Genetics versus environment can also be called nature versus nurture in shaping behavior. The debate between the two tries to challenge the fact that genotypes or the nature of a person’s behavior can be altered by the environment or the inherited traits will remain the same and control the person no matter how strong the influence of the environment.Suicidal tendencies and anti-social behavior for example are studied if it is inherited or purely environmental. In my own opinion the behavior could depend upon the individual’s personal adjustment or resistance to the environment that can create a difference in our behavior. Work Cited Haimowitz, Avi. Heredity versus Environment: Twin, Adoption and Family Studies. November 2005. Rochester Institute of Technology: Great Ideas in Personality 4 June 2009

Business Article Review Ethical Considerations in Successful Business

Business Article Review Ethical Considerations in Successful Business Summary of the article The results of a survey conducted in July 2008 by one of the leading ethical beauty retailers, The Body Shop, reveal the high significance of the company’s ethical image on the customers’ purchasing choice. In spite of the financial difficulties experienced by the customers during the economic crisis of the time, increasing numbers of clients are starting to base their purchasing decisions purely on ethical considerations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Article Review: Ethical Considerations in Successful Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, for example, thirty-four percent of more than 9,600 survey participants seriously consider the ethical profile of a company before making any purchasing choice (Marketwire). An impressive seventy-seven percent of respondents admitted to having increased their ethical awareness within the last five years (Marketwire). As it appears from market studies, a new group of consumers is emerging, rather powerful in their environmental consciousness. The demands of this consumer group apply not only to the quality and price of goods and services purchased. Especial attention is paid to the transparency of the manufacturing and supplying process, as well as to the honesty of the company. For one thing, fair treatment of suppliers is encouraged, backed up by the idea that not only the retailers but also the producers should benefit from the manufacturing process. For another thing, the eco-conscious customers of the present day pay especial attention to the impacts the production and distribution processes exert on the environment. As a result, modern companies have to respond to the increased expectations of the customers who expect everyone to benefit from commercial relations: Customers, suppliers, planet, and the business itself (Marketwire). For instance, The Body Shop has launched a Together Fair Pledge initiative on Facebook, urging their customers to share the information about ethical products and services with their friends and colleagues (Marketwire). In this way, The Body Shop is making use of the communicative power of Internet and the persuasive power of personal recommendations for influencing ethical purchasing decisions and thus making a difference to this world. Business topic The article under discussion is most closely connected to concepts and ideas presented in Chapter 5, â€Å"Business Ethics and Social Responsibility† (Collins 101–125). The subject highlighted in the article is the notion of business ethics and the way compliance with ethical principles attracts modern customers and promotes customer satisfaction. On the example of The Body Shop, the article demonstrates how making successful ethical decisions benefits a business and wins the trust and support of its customers (Marketwire).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author of the textbook emphasizes the idea that success in modern business is secured through understanding ethics and resolving ethical dilemmas correctly (Collins 104–105). According to Collins, an ethical decision is a choice between right and wrong, between acting purely legally and acting on the basis of ethical principles (106). Among the key ethical values, the textbook author names honesty and fairness that should guide an ethical company’s actions in spite of the possible financial disadvantages (Collins 103). These ideas are reflected in the article as well, emphasizing the importance consumers place on the transparency and honesty of manufacturing and supplying process (Marketwire). The ethical standards of the company are set by its leaders, and Collins introduces the notion of ethical leadership to describe the process of constant support and cooperation between leaders and employees of the company in terms of making the right ethical choices and thus creating the corporate ethical code (110). The article illustrates the notion of ethical leadership on the example of the founder of The Body Shop, Dame Anita Roddick, who – being a social and environmental activist herself – introduced her personal ethical values into the company and made it a pioneering â€Å"business model of positive social change† that promoted ethical business behavior (Marketwire). The notion of corporate social responsibility introduced in the textbook is widely discussed in the article as well. According to Collins, corporate social responsibility implies a conscientious treatment of the company’s employees, suppliers, customers, and communities it is directly or indirectly involved with (112). The Body Shop, the company presented in the article, demonstrates high levels of social responsibility since it promotes fair payment to its suppli ers and disseminates honest information to its customers. In addition, The Body Shop appears to act within the highest stage of corporate responsibility – the civil stage – since it not only promotes ethical business standards among its employees but also appeals to the world community for fair and honest approach to business (Collins 118). Business terms Ethics is defined as â€Å"the ability and willingness to distinguish right from wrong and to know when you are practising one or the other† (Collins 103). Ethics is a term that is applied to business behavior of The Body Shop.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Article Review: Ethical Considerations in Successful Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business ethics is defined as â€Å"the application of ethical behaviour to a business context† (Collins 103). Business ethics is a term that describes the framework of The Body S hop functioning. Business is defined as â€Å"an activity that provides goods or services to consumers for the purpose of making a profit† (Collins 3). The article focuses on the business done by The Body Shop. Purchase decision is a stage in the buying process that is the result of need recognition, information search, and product evaluation (Collins 214). Purchase decision is discussed in the article as that made on the basis of company’s ethical profile. An ethical organization is characterized by integrity and fairness in treating both its employers and its customers (Collins 103). In the article, The Body Shop possesses such characteristics. Fair trade is â€Å"a way of buying and selling products that makes certain that the original producer receives a fair price† (Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). The article emphasizes the principles of fair trade promoted by The Body Shop. Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Cambridge Diction aries Online, 2010. Web. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/. Collins, Karen M. Exploring Business. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Education Canada, 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketwire. â€Å"The Body Shop: Eco-Shoppers on the Increase in Canada; Ethics as Important as Price for Increasing Number of Consumers.† Canadian Corporate News 27 Aug. 2008. Gale Group. Web.

The Atlantic System and Africa Essay Example

The Atlantic System and Africa Essay Example The Atlantic System and Africa Essay The Atlantic System and Africa Essay Although slave trade has been established since early history, it was the in the seventeenth century and beyond that slaves became the focal point of trade between Europe and Africa. Europes expansion through North and South America and the Caribbean islands in the fifteenth century formed an unquenchable demand for African laborers, who were thought to be more fit physically in the harsh tropical environment of the New World. The figures of slaves imported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas increased gradually over time. As much as 10 to 15 million people were displaced, their ties with their families cut and their odds of going back to their homes were nonexistent. Political circumstances changed the trade alliances in Africa and led to variation in the regional origins of slaves all through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Slaves were usually the ill-fated victims of wars, raids, and territorial expansion. The triangular trade or the Atlantic circuit explains the whole process of slave trade In the Atlantic Ocean. The journey starts in Europe where the European sailors would load their ships with guns, horses and many other products ranging from pots and pans to textiles which were brought from India. Not to mention the transmittable diseases that were brought by European sailors as well, who would then set sail to Africa to exchange theses goods with tribal chiefs, kings or local slave traders for slaves. Sometimes slaves would travel 1200km of inland just to reach the ships location. The slaves and European sailors would then embark on the long and strenuous trip to the Americas. During the trip to the North or South of America, depending on the demand of the slaves, sometimes as much as half of the slaves would die from sickness, starvation, lack of clean water and food. On arrival the slaves would start work. Their life span after parting Africa would be around ten years because of the demanding backbreaking labor. In Africa slavery existed for a long time before the Europeans ever arrived. Their were two known systems for slavery, the old system of which was used by Africans and Arabs etc. and the new system which was used by Europeans. In the old system, slavery was neither permanent nor inherited, it was not based on race, slaves worked as servants to the owners (no hard physical labor), and 2/3 were women sold as harems. In the new system, slavery was permanent and inherited, it was based on the belief that black Africans were inferior, slaves did hard physical labor, and mainly slaves were male between the ages of 15 to 30. It would be hard to prove, however, that the transatlantic trade did not play a huge role on the development and size of slavery on the African Continent. In Europe and the New World, demand for slaves was increasing and although it was a very risky business, it has proven to be extremely lucrative. This trade has proved beneficial for the African kingdoms and states as well. It made them more powerful and wealthier. The victim nation’s cultures power were greatly decimated creating an immense power imbalance. This played a vital role in the development of Africa. The slave trade was responsible for the appearance of powerful large kingdoms such as the Yoruba Kingdom of Oyo on the guinea coast, which largely depended on slave trade. This led to it’s rapid expansion in the eighteenth century. It was founded sometime before the 15th century; this kingdom relied on their militaristic culture. It’s army used advanced iron technology which was handed to them by the Europeans. Another kingdom that expanded used the slave trade to their gain was the Kingdom of Dahomey, in what is now the Republic of Benin it imitated the Chokwe chiefdoms from under the present day country of Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo. No doubt the transatlantic trade has caused a population decline in Africa. In particular the shortage of men may have changed the structural roles of males females in many African societies and cultures. Women might of have engaged in activities that were once done by their husbands, fathers or sons. The Americas Europe have got extremely wealthy because of the transatlantic trade and the businesses that were created with it, some of which were made with funds from European joint stock ventures, and a few government owned and controlled companies like the Dutch West Indies Company. These businesses ranged from mine plantations to cotton fields and introduced many new products in Europe that created a stir among Europeans. Fortunatley a new chapter began in America and slavery was ended with the emancipation proclamation, it was issued by Abraham Lincoln on the year 1863. On the short term the slave trade caused pain and grief to a lot of African nations. On the long term it created change and opportunity. It also made the Americas ethnically and culturally diverse. America became a place where everyone is welcome to pursue the American Dream and live free and equally despite one’s ethnicity.

Should Graffiti Be Illegal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should Graffiti Be Illegal - Research Paper Example Why is it that people want to see masterpieces in museums and art galleries and not in the streets where they walk? It could be because people directly affiliate graffiti with gangs and their territories, it is seen as the work of punks and gangsters. Graffiti is actually an innovative form of expression for youngsters. Letting your creativity flow doesn’t mean that you’re a criminal or a thug. An online article seconds this: â€Å"The graffiti is their way of expressing what they think is art and what art may mean and represent to them. This art helps people express who they are and what they feel art should look like and isn't that what art is all about† (Graffiti good or bad?). ‘Bombing’ is one of the most popular styles of graffiti art. It can be described as a form of art in which a person writes up on canvas or a wall in their own unique style with colors and fancy lettering (Graffiti good or bad?). We usually see examples of bombing, as decora tive writing on walls with different letter formations and an explosion of color and creativity. It is used to write for fun, to poke fun or to make a bold statement against the wrong-doings in society. People often find such art intriguing and appreciate its uniqueness, but at the same time it is also seen as an expression of violence. Hence the mixed attitudes debate over the legality of such art. These artists should be provided with a platform to express their own selves and be recognized for their talents instead of being convicted and put into jail. Why don't we have art museums for street art? In modern times, there is no definition of what art is. There are no restrictions or limits to how art can be represented. Representations and expressions of modern-day art know no boundaries. An online article seconds this when it says, â€Å"Art can be created into anything; it can be created into different forms that both intrigue and stimulate our senses but who actually decides wh at art is? Who has the right to tell us what we can and cannot do with art† (Graffiti good or bad?). They are as free flowing as the creativity of modern-day artists themselves, including graffiti artists. According to Bomb, It the documentary by Jon Reiss, the idea of graffiti art sprung from the childish habit of writing your name whenever you had a pen in your hand or in this case, a can of spray-paint. Street artists love to leave their mark on the walls, and they do that by writing their names, aliases or nicknames in all sorts of styles and colors on the walls. â€Å"Bomb it† the documentary also explores the roots of graffiti art and traces it back to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A street artist named cornbread is widely acknowledged as the world’s first graffiti artist and not just by himself, but by other street artists as well. Moreover, the documentary also goes on to say that graffiti actually existed from the earlier times and had a quite appealing th eory to support their claim; they say that cave drawings found from the earliest of times are, in fact, a form of graffiti. This suggestion that graffiti art has primitive roots is  really  very  interesting and a rather viable theory considering the nature of cave drawings. Graffiti artists see themselves as revolutionaries trying to speak their mind out using the form of expression, they’re best at. In the documentary Bomb It, we see how one street artist claims that it is the society that has given them the

Why Is There A Lack Of Men In The Early Years Workforce Essay

Why Is There A Lack Of Men In The Early Years Workforce - Essay Example Since early childhood centres are usually considered the second homes to these young children, then it should simulate the home setting whilst reflecting the situation in the real world. However, children usually just have women teachers and support workers in their early years settings. Only 2-3% of the early years workforce are men (Men in Primary – Early Years, 2007). Although the tradition of having women as early childhood educators has been long practiced, there are now recognized benefits of having more men join the early years workforce. Primarily, it is advantageous for young children to be in an environment that reflects the real gender mix of the world (Parents demand more male childcare workers, 2011). Society may not be ready for more men entering the early years workforce. The inherent expectations of a career in early childhood care and education is usually perceived as more suited to women due to their nurturing nature. Lynn Trodd, head of the Children’s Workforce Development Council contends that research shows that men perceive working in an early years environment is not as prestigious as corporate jobs, have fewer career opportunities, has a vague career structure, the pension system is not in place and there is less in-service training. To top it all, it does not pay well. Being so, it is seen as a far less professional area of work (Men in Primary- Early Years, 2007). Trodd elaborates that most men already in the early years setting have chosen to shift to it after they’ve pursued an earlier career. This phenomenon needs to be studied and the barriers to men entering the early years workforce earlier in their prime need to be investigated and broken down because men can be a great resource to the children’s workforce as they bring with them their own special skills and experiences which women may not be able to. Parents are also beginning to see the benefits of having male teachers and support workers in the ear ly childhood environments their children attend. The Children’s Workforce Development Council (CWDC) reports that 55 percent of parents express their preference of having male childcare workers to work with their nursery-aged children. Two-thirds of single mothers say they would like a man involved in the care and development of their young children because they need to have a male father-figure in their lives even if they do not have regular access to their own biological fathers (Parents demand more male childcare workers, 2009). Currently, 17 percent of children from lone parent families have fewer than two hours a week contact time with a man and more children have less than that. 36 percent of children of single mothers have only under six hours male contact each week. Having male early years workers can ensure that such children have enough quality contact time with men. This is especially significant for young boys who need adult men to look up to as role-models. 37 pe rcent of parents believe that male workers provide good examples for boys and that 25 percent of parents believe their sons will behave better with a male worker than with a female worker. Thus, 52 percent of parents believe that early childhood settings need to have male workers because these settings should reflect a real gender mix of the world. In addition, the benefits to their children will increase since men and women have different skills to offer them (Parents Demand More Male Childcare Workers, 2009). On the side of the children, Thom Crabbe, the National Development Manager for Early Years at the CWDC believes that young children in the crucial years of their development (first five years) need to have quality contact with both male and female